Git & GitHub
Last Updated: September 30, 2026

While Git is a local version control system, GitHub is a cloud-based platform for hosting Git repositories.

Files & Folders

README.md
.gitignore
.gitattributes
.git/hooks
.github/workflows/*.yml

Git Command Lines

git version
git config list --show-origin
Lists system, global, and local configurations and their origin.
git config --global user.name <name>
git config --global user.email <email>
git clone <url>
git ls-files
Lists tracked files.
- git ls-files --eol
  Lists tracked files with end-of-line information.
- git ls-files --others (-o) --exclude-standard
  Lists untracked files excluding ignored files.

git init
git status
git stash
Cuts the changes in the current project and pastes them into the stash archive.
- git stash push <file-name>
  Cuts the changes in the specified file and pastes them into the stash archive.
- git stash list
  Lists stashes.
- git stash show
  Shows the changes in the latest stash.
- git stash pop
  Cuts the latest stash in the stash archive and pastes it into the current project.
- git stash apply
  Copies the latest stash in the stash archive into the current project.
- git stash drop
  Deletes the latest stash in the stash archive.
git add .
Stages changes.

git commit

Creates a commit with staged changes.

One task per commit. Avoid combining multiple tasks into a single commit.

Text

<type>(optional scope): <summary>

<description>

<type> can be feat, fix, refactor, chore, style, docs, test, build, content, crawl, etc.

<summary> should use the imperative mood, start with a lowercase letter, omit articles, and not end with a period.

A blank line is recommended between <summary> and <description>.

git commit --message (-m) <summary> --message (-m) <description>
git commit --amend
Adds staged changes to the latest commit and updates its message.

git revert <commit-id>
Creates a commit that undoes the changes of the specified commit.
git reset <commit-id>
Deletes commits after the specified commit, keeps the changes unstaged, and preserves the specified commit. This has the implicit --mixed flag, which is the default.
- git reset --soft <commit-id>
  Deletes commits after the specified commit, keeps the changes staged, and preserves the specified commit.
- git reset --hard <commit-id>
  Deletes commits after the specified commit, also deletes the changes, and preserves the specified commit.
git log
Lists the commit history.
- git log -S <string>
  Finds commits where the specified string was added or removed.
git show
Shows the latest commit with its diff.

git branch
Lists local branches.
- git branch --verbose (-v)
  Lists local branches verbosely.
- git branch --verbose --verbose (-vv)
  Lists local branches more verbosely.
- git branch --all (-a)
  Lists local branches and remote repository branches.
- git branch <branch-name>
  Creates the specified branch.
- git branch --delete (-d) <branch-name>
  Deletes the specified branch.
- git branch --move (-m) <specified-branch-name> <new-branch-name>
  Renames the specified branch.
git checkout
Shows a brief status of the current branch.
- git checkout <branch-name>, git switch <branch-name>
  Moves from the current branch to the specified branch.
  Uncommited changes are carried over to the specified branch if there is no conflict.
- git checkout -, git switch -
  Moves to the previous branch or commit.
- git checkout -b <branch-name>, git switch --create (-c) <branch-name>
  Creates the specified branch and moves to it.
- git checkout <commit-id>, git switch --detach <commit-id>
  Moves HEAD directly to the specified commit without being attached to any branch.
- git checkout -- <file-name>, git restore <file-name>
  Restores the specified file to the last commit state.
git merge <branch-name>
Merges the specified branch into the current branch.
- git merge --abort
- git merge --continue
git rebase <branch-name>
Cuts the commits of the current branch that diverge from the specified branch and pastes them onto the specified branch to create a linear history. After rebasing, the specified branch should be fast-forward merged.
- git rebase --interactive (-i) HEAD~<number>
  Goes back to the specified number of commits and modifies them interactively (pick, edit, squash, fixup, reword, drop, etc.).
- git rebase --abort
- git rebase --continue

git remote
Lists remote repository aliases.

git remote --verbose (-v)
Lists remote repository aliases and their URLs.
git remote add <remote-repository-alias> <remote-repository-url>
Creates the alias for the remote repository and connects the current project to it.
git remote remove (rm) <remote-repository-alias>
Disconnects the current project from the specified remote repository.
git remote set-url <remote-repository-alias> <remote-repository-url>
Updates the URL of the specified remote repository.

git push <remote-repository-alias> <branch-name>
Uploads the local branch to the remote repository branch that has the same name as the local branch. If the local and remote names are different, <branch-name> will be <local-branch-name>:<remote-repository-branch-name>
- git push --set-upstream (-u) <remote-repository-alias> <branch-name>
  Uploads and remembers this connection. Thereafter, you can simply run git push, git fetch, or git pull without arguments.
git fetch <remote-repository-alias> <remote-branch-name>
Downloads the changes from the specified remote repository branch without merging them.
git pull <remote-repository-alias> <remote-branch-name>
Downloads the changes from the specified remote repository branch and merges them into the current branch.

Git Hooks

Git Hooks are located in .git/hooks and must not have a file extension.

Git Hooks are custom scripts that trigger actions when a specified event occurs. They are divided into client-side hooks and server-side hooks.

commit-msg

The following code creates a custom Windows modal dialog that checks if the message summary to commit contains the content type, prompting the user to confirm whether the lastUpdated prop was updated.

Bash | commit-msg

#!/bin/sh

SUMMARY=$(head -n 1 "$1")

if echo "$SUMMARY" | grep -iq "^content"; then
    USER_CHOICE=$(powershell.exe -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command '
        # Play the notification sound.
        [System.Media.SystemSounds]::Asterisk.Play()

        # Load the required assemblies.
        [System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("System.Windows.Forms") | Out-Null
        [System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("System.Drawing") | Out-Null

        # Create the window form.
        $form = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Form
        $form.Text = "⚠️ Git Hook commit-msg"
        $form.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(550, 260)
        $form.StartPosition = "CenterScreen"
        $form.FormBorderStyle = "FixedDialog"
        $form.MaximizeBox = $false
        $form.MinimizeBox = $false
        $form.TopMost = $true

        # Create the message label.
        $label = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
        $label.Text = "The [content] type has been detected!`n`nDid you update the [lastUpdated] variable?"
        $label.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(30, 30)
        $label.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(490, 100)
        $label.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Malgun Gothic", 14, [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)

        # Create the "Yes" button.
        $btnYes = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
        $btnYes.Text = "Yes"
        $btnYes.DialogResult = [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::Yes
        $btnYes.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(140, 150)
        $btnYes.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(120, 45)
        $btnYes.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Malgun Gothic", 11)

        # Create the "No" button.
        $btnNo = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
        $btnNo.Text = "No"
        $btnNo.DialogResult = [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::No
        $btnNo.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(280, 150)
        $btnNo.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(120, 45)
        $btnNo.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Malgun Gothic", 11)

        # Set the keyboard shortcuts (Enter -> "Yes", Esc -> "No").
        $form.AcceptButton = $btnYes
        $form.CancelButton = $btnNo

        # Add the created components to the window form.
        $form.Controls.Add($label)
        $form.Controls.Add($btnYes)
        $form.Controls.Add($btnNo)

        # Open the window.
        $result = $form.ShowDialog()

        # Return result to USER_CHOICE.
        Write-Output $result
    ' | tr -d '\r')

    # Cancel the current message if the user selects anything other than "Yes"
    if [ "$USER_CHOICE" != "Yes" ]; then
        powershell.exe -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command "[System.Media.SystemSounds]::Hand.Play()"
        echo "❌ The commit was canceled. Please update the [lastUpdated] variable."

        exit 1
    fi
fi

exit 0

pre-push

The following code creates a custom Windows modal dialog that checks if the commit message summaries to push contain the content type, prompting the user to confirm whether the search/pages folder was updated.

Bash | pre-push

#!/bin/sh

SUMMARIES=$(git log @{u}..HEAD --pretty=format:"%s" 2>/dev/null)

if [ -z "$SUMMARIES" ]; then
    SUMMARIES=$(git log -n 5 --pretty=format:"%s")
fi

if echo "$SUMMARIES" | grep -iq "^content"; then
    USER_CHOICE=$(powershell.exe -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command '
        # Play the notification sound.
        [System.Media.SystemSounds]::Asterisk.Play()

        # Load the required assemblies.
        [System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("System.Windows.Forms") | Out-Null
        [System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("System.Drawing") | Out-Null

        # Create the window form.
        $form = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Form
        $form.Text = "⚠️ Git Hook pre-push"
        $form.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(550, 260)
        $form.StartPosition = "CenterScreen"
        $form.FormBorderStyle = "FixedDialog"
        $form.MaximizeBox = $false
        $form.MinimizeBox = $false
        $form.TopMost = $true

        # Create the message label.
        $label = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Label
        $label.Text = "The [content] type has been detected!`n`nDid you do [npm run dev-content-change]?"
        $label.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(30, 30)
        $label.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(490, 100)
        $label.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Malgun Gothic", 14, [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Bold)

        # Create the "Yes" button.
        $btnYes = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
        $btnYes.Text = "Yes"
        $btnYes.DialogResult = [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::Yes
        $btnYes.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(140, 150)
        $btnYes.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(120, 45)
        $btnYes.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Malgun Gothic", 11)

        # Create the "No" button.
        $btnNo = New-Object System.Windows.Forms.Button
        $btnNo.Text = "No"
        $btnNo.DialogResult = [System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult]::No
        $btnNo.Location = New-Object System.Drawing.Point(280, 150)
        $btnNo.Size = New-Object System.Drawing.Size(120, 45)
        $btnNo.Font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font("Malgun Gothic", 11)

        # Set the keyboard shortcuts (Enter -> "Yes", Esc -> "No").
        $form.AcceptButton = $btnYes
        $form.CancelButton = $btnNo

        # Add the created components to the window form.
        $form.Controls.Add($label)
        $form.Controls.Add($btnYes)
        $form.Controls.Add($btnNo)

        # Open the window.
        $result = $form.ShowDialog()

        # Return result to USER_CHOICE.
        Write-Output $result
    ' | tr -d '\r')

    # Cancel the current push if the user selects anything other than "Yes"
    if [ "$USER_CHOICE" != "Yes" ]; then
        powershell.exe -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command "[System.Media.SystemSounds]::Hand.Play()"
        echo "❌ The push was canceled. Please do [npm run dev-content-change]."

        exit 1
    fi
fi

exit 0

GitHub Actions

GitHub Actions is a continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) service.

GitHub Actions provides secrets, variables, artifacts, and outputs.

GitHub Actions consists of workflows that are located in .github/workflows with .yml. Workflows are triggered by specific events and contain one or more jobs.

Jobs run on a runner and contain one or more steps. Jobs run in parallel by default but can run sequentially by specifying needs.

Steps execute a shell command, a custom action, or a third-party action. Steps run in order.

Troubleshooting

Korean comments are garbled in GitHub.

The connection between a local repository and GitHub is lost.

Git & GitHub #Last Updated: September 30, 2026

Files & Folders #

Git Command Lines #

Git Hooks #

GitHub Actions #